Biopolym. Cell. 2024; 40(1):3-13.
Reviews
Potentials and impact of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the regenerative properties of muscle tissue
1Dzhyvak V. H., 1Klishch I. M., 1Khlibovska O. I., 1Levenets S. S.
  1. I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University
    m.Voli, 1, Ternopil, Ukraine, 46001

Abstract

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is often used in various fields of medicine. The current state of the art in the use of PRP holds great promise for the development of the methodology, which is due to many aspects that make this procedure simple. PRP can improve the course of many diseases. This article will discuss the impact of PRP on the regenerative properties of muscles. There are many protocols for preparing PRP, each with its own standardised parameters and claimed results. The article presents a review of the literature on the use of platelet-rich plasma, focusing on the definition of PRP, various methods of preparation and activation, as well as the concentration of growth factors.
Keywords: platelet-rich plasma, muscle regeneration, recovery, muscle injuries, tissue repair

References

[1] Coulange Zavarro A, De Girolamo L, Laver L, Sánchez M, Tischer T, Filardo G, Sabatier F, Magalon J. The Top 100 Most Cited Articles on Platelet-Rich Plasma Use in Regenerative Medicine-A Bibliometric Analysis-From the ESSKA Orthobiologic Initiative. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022; 9(10):580.
[2] Bajaj S, Orbuch D, Wang JV, Geronemus RG. Preparation and Utility of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for Facial Aging: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Ther. 2022; 39(9):4021-36.
[3] Boivin J, Tolsma R, Awad P, Kenter K, Li Y. The Biological Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Skeletal Muscle Injury and Repair. Am J Sports Med. 2023; 51(5):1347-55.
[4] Gao H, Zhao Z, Li J, Guo Z, Zhang F, Wang K, Bai X, Wang Q, Guan Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Lv N, Zhu H, Li Z. Platelet-rich plasma promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and neuromuscular functional reconstitution in a concentration-dependent manner in a rat laceration model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023; 672:185-92.
[5] Kekelekis A, Manuel Clemente F, Kellis E. Muscle injury characteristics and incidence rates in men's amateur soccer: A one season prospective study. Res Sports Med. 2022:1-14.
[6] Kemler E, Noteboom L, van Beijsterveldt AM. Characteristics of Fitness-Related Injuries in The Netherlands: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study. Sports (Basel). 2022; 10(12):187.
[7] Zhu C, Karvar M, Koh DJ, Sklyar K, Endo Y, Quint J, Samandari M, Tamayol A, Sinha I. Acellular collagen-glycosaminoglycan matrix promotes functional recovery in a rat model of volumetric muscle loss. Regen Med. 2023; 18(8):623-33.
[8] Mlynarek RA, Kuhn AW, Bedi A. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Orthopedic Sports Medicine. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016; 45(5):290-326.
[9] Godek P. High Volume PRP Therapy. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2022; 24(1):43-60.
[10] Foy C, Olivella G, Kuffler D. Prospects for Improving the Extent of Recovery following Peripheral Nerve Trauma: A Review. P R Health Sci J. 2022; 41(2):89-95.
[11] Chellini F, Tani A, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Sassoli C. Influence of Platelet-Rich and Platelet-Poor Plasma on Endogenous Mechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Repair/Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(3):683.
[12] Lepley LK, Stoneback L, Macpherson PCD, Butterfield TA. Eccentric Exercise as a Potent Prescription for Muscle Weakness After Joint Injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2023; 51(3):109-16.
[13] Tsuchiya Y, Kitajima Y, Masumoto H, Ono Y. Damaged Myofiber-Derived Metabolic Enzymes Act as Activators of Muscle Satellite Cells. Stem Cell Reports. 2020; 15(4):926-40.
[14] Setayesh K, Villarreal A, Gottschalk A, Tokish JM, Choate WS. Treatment of Muscle Injuries with Platelet-Rich Plasma: a Review of the Literature. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018; 11(4):635-42.
[15] Han S. Possible roles of platelets in liver transplantation: regeneration and cancer recurrence. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul). 2021; 16(3):225-31.
[16] Andrade SS, de Sousa Faria AV, de Paulo Queluz D, Ferreira-Halder CV. Platelets as a 'natural factory' for growth factor production that sustains normal (and pathological) cell biology. Biol Chem. 2020; 401(4):471-6.
[17] Collins T, Alexander D, Barkatali B. Platelet-rich plasma: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2021; 6(4):225-35.
[18] Aguilar-García D, Fernández-Sarmiento JA, Del Mar Granados Machuca M, Rodríguez JM, Rascón PM, Calvo RN, Ruiz YM, Poveda JMC, Castañeda JM, Bertomeu RC, Domínguez Pérez JM. Histological and biochemical evaluation of plasma rich in growth factors treatment for grade II muscle injuries in sheep. BMC Vet Res. 2022; 18(1):400.
[19] Dhurat R, Sukesh M. Principles and Methods of Preparation of Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Review and Author's Perspective. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014; 7(4):189-97.
[20] Dzhyvak V, Khlibovska O, Datsko T, Klishch I. Influence of PRP on morphological changes in muscle in the early period after traumatic muscle injury in the experiment. J Educ Health Sport. 2020; 10(6):171-8.
[21] Nagy M, Fazaeli S, van Oerle R, Ten Cate H, Schemmann M, Sherry J, Kelleher G, Spronk HMH. Evaluation of the analytical performance of the PC100 platelet counter. Thromb J. 2021; 19(1):29.
[22] Pavlovic V, Ciric M, Jovanovic V, Stojanovic P. Platelet Rich Plasma: a short overview of certain bioactive components. Open Med (Wars). 2016; 11(1):242-7.
[23] Hotfiel T, Engelhardt M, Gaulrapp H, Lutter C, Grim C. Muskuloskelettale Punktionen und Infiltrationen - Besonderheiten im Sport. Sports Orthop Traumatol. 2023; 39(3):257-64.
[24] Thu AC. The use of platelet-rich plasma in management of musculoskeletal pain: a narrative review. J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2022; 39(3):206-15.
[25] Sang Y, Roest M, de Laat B, de Groot PG, Huskens D. Interplay between platelets and coagulation. Blood Rev. 2021; 46:100733.
[26] Narayanaswamy R, Patro BP, Jeyaraman N, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Nallakumarasamy A, Jeyaraman M, Ramani P, Ahn BC. Evolution and Clinical Advances of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Musculoskeletal Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023; 10(1):58.
[27] Polster H, Kagha K, Luke J. Platelet Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Scarring Alopecia Due to Discoid Lupus Erythematosus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022; 21(3):309-10.
[28] Imam SS, Al-Abbasi FA, Hosawi S, Afzal M, Nadeem MS, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Alzarea SI, Alquraini A, Gupta G, Kazmi I. Role of platelet rich plasma mediated repair and regeneration of cell in early stage of cardiac injury. Regen Ther. 2022; 19:144-53.
[29] Beitia M, Delgado D, Mercader J, Sánchez P, López de Dicastillo L, Sánchez M. Action of Platelet-Rich Plasma on In Vitro Cellular Bioactivity: More than Platelets. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(6):5367.
[30] Sheykhhasan M, Seifalian A. Plasma-Rich in Growth Factor and its Clinical Application. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021; 16(6):730-44.
[31] Howard EE, Pasiakos SM, Blesso CN, Fussell MA, Rodriguez NR. Divergent Roles of Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Recovery From Injury. Front Physiol. 2020; 11:87.
[32] Stilhano RS, Denapoli PMA, Gallo CC, Samoto VY, Ingham SJM, Abdalla RJ, Koh TJ, Han SW. Regenerative effect of platelet-rich plasma in the murine ischemic limbs. Life Sci. 2021; 284:119934.
[33] McRobb J, Kamil KH, Ahmed I, Dhaif F, Metcalfe A. Influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) analogues on healing and clinical outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery: a systematic review. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2023; 33(2):225-53.
[34] Whittle SL, Johnston RV, McDonald S, Paterson KL, Buchbinder R. Autologous blood product injections including platelet‐rich plasma for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 2019(5):CD013341.
[35] Giusto G, Vercelli C, Iussich S, Tursi M, Perona G, Gandini M. Comparison of the effects of platelet-rich or growth factor-rich plasma on intestinal anastomosis healing in pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2017; 13(1):188.
[36] Brossi PM, Moreira JJ, Machado TS, Baccarin RY. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: a comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions. BMC Vet Res. 2015; 11:98.
[37] Gao YC, Wang QY, Wang CC, Zhao S, Chen H. A prospective cohort study: platelet-rich plasma combined with carpal tunnel release treating carpal tunnel syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022; 23(1):787.
[38] Greimers L, Drion PV, Colige A, Libertiaux V, Denoël V, Lecut C, Gothot A, Kaux JF. Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description. J Vis Exp. 2018; (133):55759.
[39] Tsai WC, Yu TY, Chang GJ, Lin LP, Lin MS, Pang JS. Platelet-Rich Plasma Releasate Promotes Regeneration and Decreases Inflammation and Apoptosis of Injured Skeletal Muscle. Am J Sports Med. 2018; 46(8):1980-6.
[40] Dzhyvak V, Klishch IM, Dovgalyuk A, Chlibovska O. Changes in lipid peroxidation in experimental traumatic muscle injury and their correction with mesenchymal stem cells. Pharmacologyonline. 2021; 3:674-9.
[41] Kolios G, Moodley Y. Introduction to stem cells and regenerative medicine. Respiration. 2013; 85(1):3-10.
[42] Michel L. Introduction to stem cells. Pratique Neurologique - FMC. 2023; 14(1):61-4.
[43] Gentile P, Garcovich S. Systematic Review-The Potential Implications of Different Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Concentrations in Regenerative Medicine for Tissue Repair. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(16):5702.
[44] Pachito DV, Bagattini ÂM, de Almeida AM, Mendrone-Júnior A, Riera R. Technical Procedures for Preparation and Administration of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Related Products: A Scoping Review. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020; 8:598816.
[45] Eric T, David K. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): Procedural techniques for musculoskeletal injuries. Advanced Procedures for Pain Management. 2018:547-62.
[46] Eric T, Falowski S. Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy: An Overview. Advanced Procedures for Pain Management. 2018:583-94.
[47] Amable PR, Carias RB, Teixeira MV, da Cruz Pacheco I, Corrêa do Amaral RJ, Granjeiro JM, Borojevic R. Platelet-rich plasma preparation for regenerative medicine: optimization and quantification of cytokines and growth factors. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013; 4(3):67.
[48] Perez AG, Lana JF, Rodrigues AA, Luzo AC, Belangero WD, Santana MH. Relevant aspects of centrifugation step in the preparation of platelet-rich plasma. ISRN Hematol. 2014; 2014:176060.
[49] Mazzocca AD, McCarthy MB, Chowaniec DM, Cote MP, Romeo AA, Bradley JP, Arciero RA, Beitzel K. Platelet-rich plasma differs according to preparation method and human variability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012; 94(4):308-16.
[50] Chernyshenko V, Shteinberg K, Lugovska N, Ryzhykova M, Platonova T, Korolova D, Lugovskoy E. Preparation of highly-concentrated autologous platelet-rich plasma for biomedical use. Ukr Biochem J. 2019; 91(2):19-27.
[51] Shevchenko SN, Rublenko MV. Histological characteristics of Platelet-Rich Fibrin clots obtained under various modes of blood centrifugation. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Series Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 22(99):84-93.